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When he had gone to get them, the shop in which he always goes has a new owner. They are from out town, coming here from somewhere in a big city. Our back woods, small town customs were lost on them. The owner stopped my husband and asked why so many men were buying flowers this week. What had they all done that was so naughty?

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Last thing they wanted is to come home and find their belongings in the yard. The history of the bikini can be traced back to antiquity. Illustrations of Roman women wearing bikini-like garments during competitive athletic events have been found in several locations. The most famous of them is Villa Romana del Casale. French women welcomed the design, but the Catholic Church, some media, and a majority of the public initially thought the design was risque or even scandalous. Contestants in the first Miss World beauty pageant wore them in , but the bikini was then banned from the competition.

Actress Bridget Bardot drew attention when she was photographed wearing a bikini on the beach during the Cannes Film Festival in Other actresses, including Rita Hayworth and Ava Gardner, also gathered press attention when they wore bikinis. During the early 's, the design appeared on the cover of Playboy and Sports Illustrated, giving it additional legitimacy.

Ursula Andress made a huge impact when she emerged from the surf wearing what is now an iconic bikini in the James Bond movie Dr.

No The bikini gradually grew to gain wide acceptance in Western society. According to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard, the bikini is perhaps the most popular type of female beachwear around the globe because of "the power of women, and not the power of fashion".

As he explains, "The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women. Two-piece garments worn by women for athletic purposes are depicted on Greek urns and paintings dating back to BC. Active women of ancient Greece wore a breastband called a mastodeton or an apodesmos, which continued to be used as an undergarment in the Middle Ages. While men in ancient Greece abandoned the perizoma, partly high-cut briefs and partly loincloth, women performers and acrobats continued to wear it.

Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period AD in Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily, excavated by Gino Vinicio Gentile in , depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor. The images of ten women, dubbed the "Bikini Girls", exercising in clothing that would pass as bikinis today, are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles at the site.

In the artwork "Coronation of the Winner" done in floor mosaic in the Chamber of the Ten Maidens Sala delle Dieci Ragazze in Italian the bikini girls are depicted weight-lifting, discus throwing, and running. Some activities depicted have been described as dancing, as their bodies resemble dancers rather than athletes. Coronation in the title of the mosaic comes from a woman in a toga with a crown in her hand and one of the maidens holding a palm frond.

Some academics maintain that the nearby image of Eros, the primordial god of lust, love, and intercourse, was added later, demonstrating the owner's predilections and strengthening the association of the bikini with the erotic. Similar mosaics have been discovered in Tellaro in northern Italy and Patti, another part of Sicily. Charles Seltman, a fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, curator of the Archaeology Museum there and an editor of The Cambridge Ancient History, illustrated a chapter titled "The new woman" in his book Women in Antiquity with a 's model wearing an identical bikini against the 4th-century mosaics from Piazza Armerina as part of a sisterhood between the bikini-clad female athletes of ancient Greco-Romans and modern woman.

According to archaeologist George M. Hanfmann the bikini girls made the learned observers realize "how modern the ancients were". In ancient Rome, the bikini-style bottom, a wrapped loincloth of cloth or leather, was called a subligar or subligaculum "little binding underneath" , while a band of cloth or leather to support the breasts was called strophium or mamillare. The exercising bikini girls from Piazza Armenia wear subligaria, scanty briefs made as a dainty version of a man's perizoma, and a strophium band about the breasts, often referred to in literature as just fascia, which can mean any kind of bandage.

Observation of artifacts and experiments shows bands had to be wrapped several times around the breasts, largely to flatten them in a style popular with flappers in the 's. These Greco-Roman breastbands may have flattened big breasts and padded small breasts to look bigger. Evidence suggests regular use. The "bikini girls" from Piazza Armenia, some of whom sport the braless look of the late 20th century, do not depict any propensity of such popularity in style.

One bottom, made of leather, from Roman Britain was displayed at the Museum of London in There has been no evidence that these bikinis were for swimming or sun-bathing.

Finds especially in Pompeii show the so-called Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini. A statue of the so-called Venus in a bikini was found in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere, others were found in the front hall. A statue of the so-called Venus was recovered from the tablinum of the house of Julia Felix, and another from an atrium in the garden at Via Dell'Abbondanza.

Naples National Archaeological Museum, which opened its limited viewing gallery of more explicit exhibits in , also exhibits a "Venus in Bikini". However, the Naples National Archaeological Museum is keen to stress that this statue actually depicts her Greek counterpart Aphrodite as she is about to untie her sandal, a common theme among other works depicting Aphrodite.

The Kings of Naples discovered these Pompeii artifacts, including the one meter tall, almost unclothed statue of Venus painted in gold leaf with something like a modern bikini. They found them so shocking that for long periods the secret chamber was opened only to "mature persons of secure morals". Even after the doors were opened, only 20 visitors were to be admitted at a time, and children under 12 were not allowed into the new part of the museum without their parents' or a teacher's permission.

There are references to bikinis in ancient literature as well. Ovid, the writer ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature, suggests the breastband or long strip of cloth wrapped around the breasts and tucked in the ends, is a good place to hide love-letters.

Martial, a Latin poet from Hispania who published between AD 86 and , satirized a female athlete he named Philaenis, who played ball in a bikini-like garb quite bluntly, making her drink, gorge and vomit in abundance and hinting at her lesbianism. In an epigram on Chione, Martial strangely mentions a sex worker who went to the bathhouse in a bikini, while it was more natural to go unclothed. Reportedly Theodora, the 6th century empress of the Byzantine Empire wore a bikini when she appeared as an actress before she captured the heart of emperor Justinian I.

There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing expulsim ludere, an early version of handball, wearing a costume that has been identified as bikinis. Between the classical bikinis and the modern bikini there has been a long interval. Swimming or outdoor bathing were discouraged in the Christian West and there was little need for a bathing or swimming costume till the 18th century.

The bathing gown in the 18th century was a loose ankle-length full-sleeve chemise-type gown made of wool or flannel, so that modesty or decency was not threatened. In the first half of 19th century the top became knee-length while an ankle-length drawer was added as a bottom. By the second half of 19th century, in France, the sleeves started to vanish, the bottom became shorter to reach only the knees and the top became hip-length and both became more form fitting.

In the 's women wore wool dresses on the beach that were made of up to 9 yards 8. That standard of swimwear evolved into the modern bikini in the first of half of the 20th century.

In , Australian swimmer and performer Annette Kellerman was arrested on a Boston beach for wearing a form-fitting sleeveless one-piece knitted swimming tights that covered her from neck to toe, a costume she adopted from England, although it became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by Even in , pictures of the Kellerman swimsuit were produced as evidence of indecency in Esquire v.

Walker, Postmaster General. But, Harper's Bazaar wrote in June vol. Female swimming was introduced at the Summer Olympics. In , inspired by that breakthrough, the designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two-piece swimwear, a close-fitting one-piece with shorts on the bottom and short sleeves on top. Silent films such as The Water Nymph saw Mabel Normand in revealing attire, and this was followed by the daringly dressed Sennett Bathing Beauties — The name "swim suit" was coined in by Jantzen Knitting Mills, a sweater manufacturer who launched a swimwear brand named the Red Diving Girl,.

The swimsuit apron, a design for early swimwear, disappeared by , leaving a tunic covering the shorts. During the 's and 's, people began to shift from "taking in the water" to "taking in the sun," at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features. Rayon was used in the 's in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits, but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic, with jersey and silk also sometimes being used.

Burlesque and vaudeville performers wore two-piece outfits in the 's. The film "Man with a Movie Camera" shows Russian women wearing early two-piece swimsuits which expose their midriff, and a few who are topless.

Films of holidaymakers in Germany in the 's show women wearing two-piece suits,. By the 's, necklines plunged at the back, sleeves disappeared and sides were cut away and tightened. With the development of new clothing materials, particularly latex and nylon, through the 's swimsuits gradually began hugging the body, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning.

Women's swimwear of the 's and 's incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure. Coco Chanel made suntans fashionable, and in French designer Madeleine Vionnet offered an exposed midriff in an evening gown. They were seen a year later in Gold Diggers of The Busby Berkeley film Footlight Parade of showcases aqua-choreography that featured bikinis. Dorothy Lamour's The Hurricane also showed two-piece bathing suits. The film, Fashions of featured chorus girls wearing two-piece outfits which look identical to modern bikinis.

In , a National Recreation Association study on the use of leisure time found that swimming, encouraged by the freedom of movement the new swimwear designs provided, was second only to movies in popularity as free time activity out of a list of 94 activities. In American designer Claire McCardell cut out the side panels of a maillot-style bathing suit, the bikini's forerunner.

The invention of the Telescopic Watersuit in shirred elastic cotton ushered into the end the era of wool. Cotton sun-tops, printed with palm trees, and silk or rayon pajamas, usually with a blouse top, became popular by Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and rubber. To comply with the regulations, swimsuit manufacturers produced two-piece suits with bare midriffs.

Fabric shortage continued for some time after the end of the war. By that time, two-piece swimsuits were frequent on American beaches. The July 9, , Life shows women in Paris wearing similar items.

Pin ups of Hayworth and Esther Williams in the costume were widely distributed. The most provocative swimsuit was the Moonlight Buoy, a bottom and a top of material that weighed only eight ounces.

What made the Moonlight Buoy distinctive was a large cork buckle attached to the bottoms, which made it possible to tie the top to the cork buckle and splash around au naturel while keeping both parts of the suit afloat. Life magazine had a photo essay on the Moonlight Buoy and wrote, "The name of the suit, of course, suggests the nocturnal conditions under which nude swimming is most agreeable.

American designer Adele Simpson, a Coty American Fashion Critics' Awards winner and a notable alumna of the New York art school Pratt Institute, who believed clothes must be comfortable and practical, designed a large part of her swimwear line with one-piece suits that were considered fashionable even in early 's.

This was when Cole of California started marketing revealing prohibition suits and Catalina Swimwear introduced almost bare-back designs. Teen magazines of late 's and 's featured designs of midriff-baring suits and tops.

However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public. Hollywood endorsed the new glamour with films such as Neptune's Daughter in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child". Swimwear of the 's, 50's and early 60's followed the silhouette mostly from early 's.

Keeping in line with the ultra-feminine look dominated by Dior, it evolved into a dress with cinched waists and constructed bust-lines, accessorized with earrings, bracelets, hats, scarves, sunglasses, hand bags and cover-ups.

Many of these pre-bikinis had fancy names like Double Entendre, Honey Child to maximize small bosoms , Shipshape to minimize large bosoms , Diamond Lil trimmed with rhinestones and lace , Swimming In Mink trimmed with fur across the bodice and Spearfisherman heavy poplin with a rope belt for carrying a knife , Beau Catcher, Leading Lady, Pretty Foxy, Side Issue, Forecast, and Fabulous Fit. According to Vogue the swimwear had become more of "state of dress, not undress" by mid's.

French fashion designer Jacques Heim, who owned a beach shop in the French Riviera resort town of Cannes, introduced a minimalist two-piece design in May which he named the "Atome," after the smallest known particle of matter. The bottom of his design was just large enough to cover the wearer's navel.

He noticed women on St. Tropez beaches rolling up the edges of their swimsuits to get a better tan and was inspired to produce a more minimal design. He trimmed additional fabric off the bottom of the swimsuit, exposing the wearer's navel for the first time. He introduced his design to the media and public on July 5, , in Paris at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris.

His swimsuit design shocked the press and public because it was the first to reveal the wearer's navel. To promote his new design, Heim hired skywriters to fly above the Mediterranean resort advertising the Atome as "the world's smallest bathing suit. He also initiated a bold ad campaign that told the public a two-piece swimsuit was not a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring.

Only women in the vanguard, mostly upper-class European women embraced it. Bikini sales did not pick up around the world as women stuck to traditional two-piece swimsuits. Only women in the vanguard, mostly upper-class European women embraced it, just like the upper-class European women who first cast off their corsets after World War I. Bikinis were banned from beauty pageants around the world after the controversy. In the Los Angeles Times reported that Miss America Bebe Shopp on her visit to Paris said she did not approve the bikini for American girls, though she did not mind French girls wearing them.

Actresses in movies like My Favorite Brunette and the model on a cover of LIFE were shown in traditional two-piece swimwear, not the bikini. In , Time magazine interviewed American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole, owner of Cole of California, and reported that he had "little but scorn for France's famed Bikinis," because they were designed for "diminutive Gallic women".

Australian designer Paula Straford introduced the bikini to Gold Coast in Despite the controversy, some in France admired "naughty girls who decorate our sun-drenched beaches". Brigitte Bardot, photographed wearing similar garments on beaches during the Cannes Film Festival helped popularize the bikini in Europe in the 's and created a market in the US.

Photographs of Bardot in a bikini, according to The Guardian, turned Saint-Tropez into the bikini capital of the world. Cannes played a crucial role in the career of Brigitte Bardot, who in turn played a crucial role in promoting the Festival, largely by starting the trend of being photographed in a bikini at her first appearance at the festival, with Bardot identified as the original Cannes bathing beauty.

In , she wore a bikini in Manina, the Girl in the Bikini released in France as Manina, la fille sans voiles , a film which drew considerable attention due to her scanty swimsuit. During the Cannes Film Festival, she worked with her husband and agent Roger Vadim, and garnered a lot of attention when she was photographed wearing a bikini on every beach in the south of France.

Like Esther Williams did a decade earlier, Betty Grable, Marilyn Monroe and Brigitte Bardot all used revealing swimwear as career props to enhance their sex appeal, and it became more accepted in parts of Europe when worn by fifties "love goddess" actresses such as Bardot, Anita Ekberg and Sophia Loren.

Mark's Square. In Spain, Benidorm played a similar role as Cannes. Shortly after the bikini was banned in Spain, Pedro Zaragoza, the mayor of Benidorm convinced dictator Francisco Franco that his town needed to legalize the bikini to draw tourists. In , General Franco agreed and the town became a popular tourist destination.

Interestingly, in less than four years since Franco's death in , Spanish beaches and women had gone topless. The swimsuit was declared sinful by the Vatican and was banned in Spain, Portugal and Italy, three countries neighboring France, as well as Belgium and Australia, and it remained prohibited in many US states. It's at the razor's edge of decency. Writer Meredith Hall wrote in her memoir that till one could get a citation for wearing a bikini in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire.

In , the first Miss World contest, originally the Festival Bikini Contest, was organized by Eric Morley as a mid-century advertisement for swimwear at the Festival of Britain.

The press welcomed the spectacle and referred to it as Miss World, and Morley registered the name as a trademark. The bikinis were outlawed and evening gowns introduced instead. Bikini was banned from beauty pageants around the world after the controversy. Catholic-majority countries like Belgium, Italy, Spain and Australia also banned the swimsuit that same year.

The National Legion of Decency pressured Hollywood to keep bikinis from being featured in Hollywood movies. The Hays production code for US movies, introduced in but not strictly enforced till , allowed two-piece gowns but prohibited navels on screen.

But between the introduction and enforcement of the code two Tarzan movies, Tarzan, the Ape Man and Tarzan and His Mate , were released in which actress Maureen O'Sullivan wore skimpy bikini-like leather outfits. Film historian Bruce Goldstein described her clothes in the first film as "It's a loincloth open up the side. You can see loin. The girl in the bikini was allowed in Kansas after all the bikini close ups were removed from the film in In reaction to the introduction of the bikini in Paris, American swimwear manufacturers compromised cautiously by producing their own similar design that included a halter and a midriff-bottom variation.

Though size makes all the difference in a bikini, early bikinis often covered the navel. When the navel showed in pictures, it was airbrushed out by magazines like Seventeen. Navel-less women ensured the early dominance of European bikini makers over their American counterparts.

By the end of the decade a vogue for strapless styles developed, wired or bound for firmness and fit, along with a taste for bare-shouldered two-pieces called Little Sinners.

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